AC Companies Near Me: Specialist Cooling System Remediation Can Improve Your Home'S Convenience Rapidly And Effectively

Common Ac System Problems

Is your air conditioning system suddenly seeming like a distant thunderstorm? Or possibly the cool breeze has become a faint whisper? These are traditional signs that your unit needs some serious air conditioning unit repair. Every summer season, countless property owners face problems that freeze their convenience and surge their aggravation.

Here's a fast rundown of the most frequent offenders behind an ailing AC:

• Refrigerant Leaks-- When the coolant escapes, your air conditioner can't chill the air effectively.
• Dirty Filters-- A clogged up filter strangles air flow, triggering irregular cooling and greater energy bills.
• Frozen Coils-- Ever seen ice build up on your system? This often signifies obstructed air flow or low refrigerant levels.
• Thermostat Malfunctions-- Sometimes, the issue isn't the a/c but the brain managing it.
• Electrical Failures-- Faulty wiring or worn components can trigger abrupt shutdowns or irregular habits.

Keep in mind the last scorching day when your air conditioner provided up? It's not simply bothersome; it can turn your home into an oven. Picture a team stepping in rapidly, diagnosing the problem with precision, and restoring your sanctuary's chill in no time. That's the type of air conditioner repair work service that changes headaches into relief.

Could a flickering thermostat be the sneaky perpetrator stealing your comfort? Or maybe an unseen electrical fault quietly undermining your system? Bold City Heating and Air takes on these obstacles head-on, guaranteeing your a/c hums efficiently and effectively. - Bold City Heating and Air

Why settle for unpredictable cooling when an expert touch can bring constant, refreshing air back into your life? The science of a/c unit repair isn't practically repairing machines-- it's about bring back assurance on the most popular days of the year.

Essential Tools for Identifying and Fixing Air Conditioners

When an air conditioning unit sputters or suddenly stops cooling, the very first impulse may be to panic. However the genuine secret lies in the accuracy instruments. Bold City Heating and Air an expert wields to identify the root cause quickly. Ever wonder why some professionals seem to repair complex issues in a breeze? It's all about having the right tools-- from the modest to the highly specialized

Secret Instruments in the Air Conditioning Repair Work Toolbox

• Manifold Gauge Set: Believe of this as the specialist's stethoscope. It measures pressure in the refrigerant lines, exposing leakages or obstructions that invisible to the naked eye.
• Multimeter: Electrical power circulations are challenging; this tool reads voltage, current, and resistance, guaranteeing every electrical part is humming as it should.
• Leak Detector: Finding even the tiniest refrigerant leakages can conserve a system from premature failure. This tool smells out invisible gas leaving from seals or coils.
• Fin Comb: Bent fins on the condenser coil can choke air flow. A simple fin comb straightens these blades, bring back effectiveness without replacing parts.
• Air pump: Before charging refrigerant, the system typically needs evacuation of air and wetness, an action crucial for longevity and efficiency.

Why Bold City Heating and Air Excels

Bold City Heating and Air comprehends the fragile dance between these tools and the elaborate equipment of your cooling system. They approach every repair with an eager eye and a well-stocked tool kit. It's not almost fixing what's broken; it has to do with preventing future hiccups through specialist medical diagnosis and accuracy.

Pro Tips from the Field

1. Constantly calibrate your manifold assesses before usage; a tiny mistake in pressure reading can cause misdiagnosis.
2. Don't neglect the importance of a tidy workplace-- dust and debris can toss off sensitive electrical readings.
3. When handling refrigerant, security is critical. Use gloves and goggles, and ensure proper ventilation.
4. Utilize a thermal imaging cam to discover hotspots or cold areas in circuitry and coils that might not show up otherwise.

Could there be a more remarkable mix of science and craft than the tools utilized in AC repair? Each tool tells a story, and with Bold City Heating and Air, that story is constantly one of swift, reliable options and renewed comfort.

Dissecting the Heart of Your A/c

Ever questioned what really takes place when your air conditioning system repair starts? It's not simply about slapping on a new filter or completing refrigerant. The real art depends on an organized, careful step-by-step repair process that Bold City Heating and Air has mastered. They understand that each unit narrates-- sometimes a whisper of a faulty capacitor, other times a shout from a stopped up condenser coil.

Step 1: Diagnostic Deep Dive

The process begins with a comprehensive diagnostic that digs beneath surface area symptoms. Is the system blowing warm air? Is there an unusual sound, like a ghost in the machine? Bold City technicians use advanced tools to measure electrical currents, refrigerant levels, and airflow patterns. This isn't uncertainty-- it's precision.

Action 2: Pinpointing the Source

Once the diagnostic puzzle is total, the real offender emerges (Bold City Heating and Air). Could it be a compressor having a hard time versus low refrigerant? Or a thermostat that's lost its marbles? Bold City Heating and Air stands out in identifying the precise part triggering the hiccup, avoiding unneeded part replacements

Step 3: Tactical Repair Execution

1. Power down the system safely to prevent any shocks or damage.
2. Get rid of and check the defective part-- whether it's a fan motor, capacitor, or evaporator coil.
3. Perform accurate repairs or replacements using OEM-equivalent parts.
4. Reassemble the unit guaranteeing all connections are tight and sealed.

Step 4: Rigorous Performance Testing

After repair work, the unit undergoes a battery of tests. Bold City Heating and Air does not just change it on; they determine temperature differentials and air flow rates to verify optimal energy efficiency. This step guarantees your system will not simply run-- it'll slide through the sweltering days like a breeze.

Pro Tips from the Trenches

• Examine the condenser coil regularly-- dust and debris can turn a cool maker into a sweatbox.
• Listen for humming or clicking sounds. These subtle signals frequently precede bigger failures.
• Watch on your unit's cycle duration; abnormally brief or long cycles might hint at underlying problems.

Identifying the Silent Pressure: Why Preventive Maintenance Matters

Ever seen how an air conditioning system can unexpectedly sputter and sigh, as if gasping for breath in the thick summer heat? The fact is, a stopped up air filter or a disregarded coil can quietly stealth their way into your system, resulting in ineffective cooling and unforeseen breakdowns. Bold City Heating and Air acknowledges these subtle whispers of distress before they escalate into full-blown breakdowns, understanding that each skipped tune-up inches your unit closer to failure.

Professional Tips to Keep Your Air Conditioning in Leading Shape

• Clean or Change Filters Regular Monthly: Dust and particles aren't simply annoyances-- they choke air flow and require your compressor to overexert.
• Inspect the Refrigerant Levels: Low refrigerant can turn your cooling dreams into a lukewarm headache, sapping energy and straining parts.
• Examine Electrical Links: Loose wires or rusty contacts may trigger unforeseen interruptions or fire risks.
• Clear the Condensate Drain: Obstructions here invite water damage and mold development, calmly weakening your system's health.

Why Regimen Tune-Ups Are a Game-Changer

Think about your air conditioning like a carefully tuned instrument. Without regular adjustments, it falls out of consistency, creating discord in your house's comfort. Bold City Heating and Air dives deep, not simply skimming surface areas however carefully checking every nook-- from the evaporator coils to the blower motor. This proactive position prevents the surprise of system failures throughout the most popular days, turning potential catastrophes into simple footnotes.

of constant coolness. Bold City Heating and Air doesn't just fix-- they expect, adapting their know-how to the unique needs your system deals with. Remember, on the planet of air conditioning unit repair work, foresight is your coolest ally. Expert Cooling Solutions in Jacksonville, FL Jacksonville, FL, is the biggest city by land location in the contiguous United States and boasts a population that makes it a lively urban center in

Northeast Florida. Understood for its extensive park system,

lovely Atlantic beaches, and a bustling riverfront, Jacksonville uses a distinct mix of urban and outdoor way of life. The city is likewise a center for commerce, culture, and sports, hosting numerous expert sports teams and many cultural festivals throughout the year. If you need help with air conditioner repair, they motivate you to reach out to Bold City Heating and Air for a complimentary consultation and expert advice tailored to your cooling needs.

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1. Downtown Jacksonville: Downtown Jacksonville serves as the central economic hub of Jacksonville, Florida, known for its dynamic mix of historic architecture and contemporary skyscrapers. It features cultural sites, parks along the water, and a range of dining and entertainment options.
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70. Ortega Forest: Ortega Forest is a pleasant neighborhood neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic homes and green, tree-covered streets. It offers a peaceful suburban atmosphere while being easily close to downtown Jacksonville.
71. Timuquana: Timuquana is a living neighborhood located in Jacksonville FL, known for its quiet streets and public parks. It offers a combination of detached houses and close proximity to local facilities and schools.
72. San Jose Forest: San Jose Forest is a housing neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its lush greenery and kid-friendly atmosphere. The area features a combination of single-family homes and local parks, offering a peaceful suburban environment.
73. E-Town: E-Town is a vibrant neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its varied community and historical significance. It features a blend of residential areas, local businesses, and cultural landmarks that enhance its unique character.

• Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens: This Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens showcases a wide collection of art encompassing multiple periods and cultures. Visitors can also explore beautiful formal gardens overlooking the St. Johns River in Jacksonville FL.
• Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens: Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens presents a wide collection of creatures and flora from around the globe. It provides interesting exhibits, instructive programs, and conservation efforts for visitors of all ages. Jacksonville FL
• Museum of Science and History: The Museum of Science & History in Jacksonville FL presents interactive exhibits and a planetarium suitable for all ages. Guests can discover science, history, and culture through engaging displays and educational programs.
• Kingsley Plantation: Kingsley Plantation is a historical site that offers a peek into Florida plantation history, including the lives of enslaved people and the planter family. Visitors can explore the grounds, such as the slave quarters, plantation house, and barn. Jacksonville FL
• Fort Caroline National Memorial: Fort Caroline National Memorial celebrates the 16th-century French endeavor to create a colony in Florida. It offers displays and paths examining the history and natural environment of the area in Jacksonville FL.
• Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve protects one of the last unspoiled coastal wetlands on the Atlantic Coast. It preserves the history of the Timucuan Indians, European explorers, and plantation owners.
• Friendship Fountain: Friendship Fountain is a big, iconic water fountain in Jacksonville FL. It displays striking water displays and lights, making it a favorite landmark and place to gather.
• Riverside Arts Market: Riverside Arts Market in Jacksonville FL, is a vibrant week-to-week arts and crafts marketplace under the Fuller Warren Bridge. It showcases local craftspeople, on-stage music, food vendors, and a gorgeous scene of the St. Johns River.
• San Marco Square: San Marco Square is a charming shopping and dining area with a European-style atmosphere. It is renowned for its high-end shops, eateries, and the well-known fountain featuring lions. Jacksonville FL
• St Johns Town Center: St. Johns Town Center is an upscale open-air retail center in Jacksonville FL, featuring a blend of high-end retailers, well-known labels, and eateries. It is a leading destination for shopping, eating, and entertainment in North East Florida.
• Avondale Historic District: Avondale Historic District showcases appealing early 20th-century architecture and unique shops. It's a dynamic neighborhood recognized for its nearby restaurants and historical character. Jacksonville FL
• Treaty Oak Park: Treaty Oak Park is a lovely area in Jacksonville FL, home to a massive, ancient oak tree. The park provides a tranquil retreat with walking paths and scenic views of the St. Johns River.
• Little Talbot Island State Park: Little Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL provides untouched shores and varied ecosystems. Guests can partake in activities such as hiking, camping, and wildlife viewing in this natural coastal environment.
• Big Talbot Island State Park: Big Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL, provides stunning coastal views and diverse habitats for outdoor lovers. Discover the one-of-a-kind boneyard beach, walk scenic trails, and watch abundant wildlife in this gorgeous wildlife preserve.
• Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park: Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park in Jacksonville FL, offers a beautiful beach, wooded trails, and a 60-acre freshwater lake for leisure. It is a well-known spot for camping, surfing, kayaking, and biking.
• Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens: Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens offers a stunning ecological escape with varied trails and specialty gardens. Visitors can discover a variety of plant life and savor tranquil outside recreation.
• Memorial Park: Memorial Park is a 5.25-acre park that serves as a homage to the over 1,200 Floridians who lost their lives in World War I. The park features a statue, reflecting pool, and gardens, offering a place for remembrance and reflection. Jacksonville FL
• Hemming Park: Hemming Park is Jacksonville FL's most ancient park, a historic open square holding events, markets, and social gatherings. It provides a green space in the heart of downtown with art installations and a lively atmosphere.
• Metropolitan Park: Metropolitan Park in Jacksonville FL provides a beautiful waterfront location for events and leisure. Featuring playgrounds, a concert venue, and scenic vistas, it's a popular destination for locals and visitors as well.
• Confederate Park: Confederate Park in Jacksonville FL, was initially designated to pay tribute to Confederate soldiers and sailors. It has since been redesignated and transformed as a place for community events and recreation.
• Beaches Museum and History Park: Beaches Museum & History Park safeguards and shares the one-of-a-kind history of Jacksonville's beaches. Discover exhibits on nearby life-saving, surfing, and initial beach communities.
• Atlantic Beach: Atlantic Beach offers a lovely seaside community with gorgeous beaches and a relaxed atmosphere. Visitors can relish surfing, swimming, and exploring local shops and restaurants in Jacksonville FL.
• Neptune Beach: The city of Neptune Beach provides a classic Florida beach town experience with its grainy beaches and laid-back vibe. Visitors can partake in surfing, swimming, and exploring local shops and restaurants in Jacksonville FL.
• Jacksonville Beach: Jacksonville Beach is a lively coastal city known for its sandy beaches and surf scene. It offers a blend of recreational activities, dining, and nightlife along the Atlantic Ocean.
• Huguenot Memorial Park: This park offers a beautiful beachfront location with options for camping, fishing, and birdwatching. Visitors can enjoy the natural allure of the area with its diverse wildlife and scenic coastal views in Jacksonville FL.
• Castaway Island Preserve: Castaway Island Preserve in Jacksonville FL, offers picturesque paths and boardwalks through varied ecosystems. Visitors can relish walks in nature, bird watching, and discovering the beauty of the shoreline environment.
• Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park: Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park in Jacksonville FL protects the earthen remnants of a Civil War-era Southern fort. Visitors can discover the historical location and learn about its meaning by way of interpretive exhibits.
• Mandarin Museum & Historical Society: The Mandarin Museum & Historical Society protects the history of the Mandarin within Jacksonville FL. Visitors are able to view displays and artifacts that highlight the area's special history.
• Museum of Southern History: This Museum of Southern History exhibits relics and exhibits connected to the history and culture of the Southern United States. Guests can delve into a variety of topics, such as the Civil War, slavery, and Southern art and literature. Jacksonville FL
• The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary: The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary in Jacksonville FL, provides guided foot tours to see rescued big cats and other exotic animals. It's a not-for-profit organization dedicated to offering a safe, loving, forever home for these animals.

1. Air Conditioning Installation: Proper installation of cooling systems guarantees good and agreeable indoor climates. This crucial process guarantees peak performance and durability of climate control units.
2. Air Conditioner: Air Conditioners chill inside spaces by removing heat and humidity. Proper setup by certified technicians guarantees efficient performance and optimal climate control.
3. Hvac: Hvac systems control heat and air quality. They are crucial for creating environmental control answers in structures.
4. Thermostat: The Thermostat is the primary component for managing temperature in climate control systems. It signals the cooling unit to turn on and off, maintaining the desired indoor environment.
5. Refrigerant: Refrigerant is vital for temperature control systems, absorbing heat to produce cool air. Correct handling of refrigerants is essential during HVAC installation for efficient and safe operation.
6. Compressor: The Compressor is the component of the cooling system, pumping refrigerant. This process is essential for effective temperature control in climate control setups.
7. Evaporator Coil: The Evaporator Coil absorbs heat from indoor air, bringing it down. This component is vital for efficient climate control system installation in buildings.
8. Condenser Coil: This Condenser Coil is an integral component in cooling systems, dissipating heat outside. It facilitates the heat exchange needed for efficient indoor climate management.
9. Ductwork: Ductwork is essential for distributing cooled air throughout a building. Correct duct design and installation are critical for effective climate control system location.
10. Ventilation: Effective Ventilation is essential for suitable airflow and indoor air quality. It plays a critical role in assuring maximum operation and efficiency of climate control equipment.
11. Heat Pump: Heat Pumps transfer heat, providing both heating and cooling. They're essential components in contemporary climate control system installations, offering energy-efficient temperature regulation.
12. Split System: Split System provide both cooling and heating via an indoor unit linked to an outdoor compressor. They offer a ductless answer for temperature regulation in specific rooms or areas.
13. Central Air Conditioning: Central air conditioning systems cool whole homes from a sole, potent unit. Correct installation of these systems is essential for streamlined and effective home cooling.
14. Energy Efficiency Ratio: Energy Efficiency Ratio measures cooling effectiveness: a greater Energy Efficiency Ratio indicates better performance and reduced energy use for climate control systems. Selecting a unit with a high Energy Efficiency Ratio can significantly reduce long-term costs when installing a new climate control system.
15. Variable Speed Compressor: Variable Speed Compressors alter refrigeration output to meet need, boosting efficiency and convenience in HVAC systems. This accurate modulation reduces energy waste and keeps uniform temperatures in building environments.
16. Compressor Maintenance: Compressor Maintenance ensures effective performance and longevity in refrigeration systems. Neglecting it can lead to expensive repairs or system breakdowns when establishing climate control.
17. Air Filter: Air Filter trap dust and particles, making sure of clean air flow inside HVAC systems. This improves system performance and indoor air condition throughout climate control setup.
18. Installation Manual: The Installation Manual provides key guidance for appropriately installing a cooling system. It ensures proper procedures are used for peak performance and safety during the unit's setup.
19. Electrical Wiring: Electrical Wiring is critical for supplying power to and controlling the parts of climate control systems. Suitable wiring assures secure and effective functioning of the cooling and heating units.
20. Indoor Unit: The Indoor Unit circulates treated air inside a room. This is a key component for climate control systems, making sure of correct temperature management in structures.
21. Outdoor Unit: This Outdoor Unit houses the compressor and condenser, dissipating heat outside. It's essential for a complete climate control system setup, guaranteeing effective cooling inside.
22. Maintenance: Regular upkeep ensures effective operation and extends the lifespan of climate control systems. Proper Maintenance prevents breakdowns and improves the performance of installed cooling systems.
23. Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency is crucial for lowering energy consumption and expenses when setting up new climate control systems. Emphasizing efficient equipment and correct setup reduces environmental impact and increases long-term savings.
24. Thermodynamics: Thermo explains how heat transfers and converts energy, vital for cooling setup system. Effective climate control design relies on Thermodynamics principles to optimize energy use during system location.
25. Building Codes: Building Codes guarantee suitable and secure HVAC system arrangement in buildings. They regulate aspects like energy efficiency and air flow for climate control systems.
26. Load Calculation: Load calculations figures out the warming and chilling requirements of a room. It's crucial for picking appropriately sized HVAC units for efficient climate control.
27. Mini Split: Mini Splits offer a ductless approach to climate control, providing targeted heating and cooling. The ease of placement renders them suitable for spaces where adding ductwork for climate modification is unfeasible.
28. Air Handler: The Air Handler circulates treated air around a building. It's a critical component for proper climate control system setup.
29. Insulation: Thermal protection is vital for preserving effective temperature regulation within a building. It minimizes heat transfer, reducing the burden on cooling systems and optimizing climate control setups.
30. Drainage System: Drainage systems remove liquids created by air conditioning equipment. Adequate drainage stops water damage and ensures optimal operation of HVAC setups.
31. Filter: Filters are vital components that remove contaminants from the air throughout the installation of climate control systems. This ensures cleaner air circulation and protects the system's inner components.
32. Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning: Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning systems control indoor environment by controlling temperature, humidity, and air quality. Proper setup of these systems guarantees economical and productive refrigeration and climate control within buildings.
33. Split System Air Conditioner: Split System Air Conditioner provide efficient refrigeration and heating by separating the compressor and condenser from the air handler. Their design eases the procedure of setting up climate control in residences and businesses.
34. Hvac Technician: Hvac Technicians are skilled experts who specialize in the configuration of temperature regulation systems. They make certain of proper functionality and efficiency of these systems for maximum indoor well-being.
35. Indoor Air Quality: Indoor Air Quality substantially impacts well-being and health, so HVAC system setup should prioritize filtration and ventilation. Correct system design and setup is vital for optimizing air quality.
36. Condensate Drain: The Condensate Drain removes water generated throughout the cooling process, stopping damage and maintaining system efficiency. Correct drain setup is vital for successful climate control device and extended performance.
37. Variable Refrigerant Flow: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems accurately regulate refrigerant amount to different zones, providing customized cooling and heating. This technology is essential for creating efficient and adaptable climate control in building setups.
38. Building Automation System: Building automation systems orchestrate and streamline the operation of HVAC equipment. This results in enhanced climate control and power savings in buildings.
39. Air Conditioning: Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems regulate indoor temperature and air quality. Proper configuration of these systems is key for optimized and effective Air Conditioning.
40. Temperature Control: Precise temperature regulation is essential for effective climate control system installation. It guarantees optimal performance and comfort in new cooling systems.
41. Thermistor: Temperature-sensitive resistors are thermistors used in climate control systems to accurately measure air temperature. This data assists to regulate system operation, guaranteeing optimal performance and energy efficiency in environmental control arrangements.
42. Thermocouple: Temperature sensors are temperature sensors crucial for assuring proper HVAC system setup. They precisely measure temperature, allowing precise modifications and excellent climate control function.
43. Digital Thermostat: These devices precisely control temperature, improving HVAC system performance. They are essential for setting up home climate regulation systems, guaranteeing efficient and comfortable environments.
44. Programmable Thermostat: Programmable Thermostats improve HVAC systems by enabling personalized temperature routines. This results in improved energy efficiency and comfort in home cooling setups.
45. Smart Thermostat: Smart thermostat optimize home climate control by understanding user desires and changing the temperature on their own. They play a vital role in modern HVAC system configurations, enhancing energy efficiency and comfort.
46. Bimetallic Strip: A bimetallic strip, made up of two metals that have different expansion rates, bends in reaction to temperature variations. This characteristic is used in HVAC systems to operate thermostats and regulate heating or cooling processes.
47. Capillary Tube Thermostat: The Capillary Tube Thermostat precisely regulates temperature in cooling systems through remote sensing. The component is vital for keeping desired climate control inside buildings.
48. Thermostatic Expansion Valve: The Thermostatic Expansion Valve regulates refrigerant flow into the evaporator, keeping ideal cooling. This part is essential for effective operation of refrigeration and climate control systems in buildings.
49. Setpoint: Setpoint is the target temperature a climate management system strives to reach. It directs the system's performance during climate control setups to preserve preferred comfort degrees.
50. Temperature Sensor: Temperature sensing devices are crucial for regulating heating, air flow, and cooling systems by observing air temperature and assuring efficient climate control. Their data assists optimize system performance during climate control installation and maintenance.
51. Feedback Loop: The Feedback Loop assists with regulating temperature throughout climate control system setup by constantly monitoring and modifying settings. This guarantees optimal performance and energy efficiency of installed residential cooling.
52. Control System: Control Systems control temperature, moisture, and air circulation in environmental conditioning setups. They ensure peak well-being and energy savings in temperature-controlled environments.
53. Thermal Equilibrium: Thermal Equilibrium is reached when components reach the same temperature, crucial for effective climate control system installation. Proper balance assures peak performance and energy savings in set up cooling systems.
54. Thermal Conductivity: Thermal Conductivity dictates how effectively materials transfer heat, affecting the cooling system setup. Choosing materials with suitable thermal properties assures best performance of installed climate control systems.
55. Thermal Insulation: Thermal insulation minimizes heat flow, assuring efficient cooling by reducing the workload on climate control systems. This boosts energy efficiency and maintains consistent temperatures in buildings.
56. On Off Control: On Off Control keeps wanted temperatures by completely turning on or deactivating cooling systems. This easy method is vital for controlling environment within buildings during environmental control system configuration .
57. Pid Controller: PID Controllers precisely control temps in HVAC systems. This makes sure effective climate control during building temperature configuration and functioning.
58. Evaporator: The Evaporator absorbs heat from inside a space, cooling the air. It's a key part in climate control systems designed for home comfort.
59. Condenser: This Condenser unit is a vital component in cooling equipment, dissipating heat extracted from the indoor space to the external environment. Its proper setup is key for effective climate control system location and performance.
60. Chlorofluorocarbon: Chlorofluorocarbons have been once common refrigerants which helped with cooling in many building systems. Their role has decreased because of environmental concerns about ozone depletion.
61. Hydrofluorocarbon: Hydrofluorocarbon are coolants frequently used in cooling systems for structures and cars. Their correct management is essential during the installation of climate control systems to avoid environmental harm and guarantee efficient operation.
62. Hydrochlorofluorocarbon: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons were once widely used coolants in HVAC systems for structures. Their phase-out has caused the adoption of more sustainable alternatives for new HVAC installations.
63. Global Warming Potential: Global Warming Potential (GWP) indicates how much a given mass of greenhouse gas adds to global warming over a set period relative to carbon dioxide. Choosing refrigerants with less GWP is crucial when setting up climate control systems to minimize environmental effects.
64. Ozone Depletion: Ozone Depletion from refrigerants poses environmental dangers. Technicians servicing cooling units must adhere to regulations to prevent further harm.
65. Phase Change: Phase Changes of refrigerants are key for effectively conveying heat in climate control systems. Evaporation and condensation cycles enable cooling by absorbing heat indoors and releasing it outdoors.
66. Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer principles are crucial for successful climate control system establishment. Knowing conduction, convection, and radiation assures peak system functioning and energy savings during the course of installing home cooling.
67. Refrigeration Cycle: The Refrigeration Cycle transfers heat, allowing refrigeration in climate-control systems. Proper setup and maintenance make sure of efficient performance and long life of these cooling solutions.
68. Environmental Protection Agency: The Environmental Protection Agency regulates refrigerants and sets standards for HVAC system maintenance to safeguard the ozone layer and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Technicians handling refrigeration equipment must be certified to ensure correct refrigerant management and stop environmental damage.
69. Leak Detection: Leak Detection guarantees the integrity of refrigerant lines after climate control system installation. Identifying and addressing leaks is crucial for peak performance and environmental safety of newly setup climate control systems.
70. Pressure Gauge: Pressure Gauge are essential tools for checking refrigerant levels during HVAC system installation. They assure best performance and prevent damage by verifying pressures are within defined ranges for proper cooling operation.
71. Expansion Valve: The Expansion Valve controls refrigerant flow in refrigeration systems, allowing for efficient heat absorption. It's a key component for peak performance in environmental control setups.
72. Cooling Capacity: Cooling Capacity decides how effectively a system can lower the temperature of a room. Selecting the right level is essential for peak performance in placement of environmental control systems.
73. Refrigerant Recovery: Refrigerant Recovery is the method of removing and keeping refrigerants during HVAC system setups. Properly recovering refrigerants stops environmental harm and ensures effective new cooling equipment installations.
74. Refrigerant Recycling: Refrigerant Recycling recovers and reuses refrigerants, reducing environmental effects. This procedure is vital when installing climate control systems, guaranteeing responsible handling and avoiding ozone depletion.
75. Safety Data Sheet: Safety Data Sheets (SDS) offer vital information on the secure handling and potential hazards of chemicals used in cooling system setup. Technicians depend on SDS data to defend themselves and prevent accidents during HVAC equipment placement and connection.
76. Synthetic Refrigerant: Synthetic Refrigerants are vital fluids utilized in cooling systems to move heat. Their proper management is crucial for effective climate control setup and maintenance.
77. Heat Exchange: Heat Exchange is essential for chilling buildings, allowing effective temperature regulation. It's a key process in climate control system setup, facilitating the movement of heat to supply comfortable indoor environments.
78. Cooling Cycle: The Cooling Cycle is the basic process of heat removal, utilizing refrigerant to take in and release heat. This process is vital for efficient climate control system setup in buildings.
79. Scroll Compressor: Scroll Compressors efficiently pressurize refrigerant for cooling systems. They are a vital component for efficient temperature regulation in buildings.
80. Reciprocating Compressor: Reciprocating pumps are vital components that squeeze refrigerant in cooling systems. They aid heat transfer , allowing efficient climate control within structures.
81. Centrifugal Compressor: Centrifugal Compressors are key components that boost refrigerant stress in large-scale climate control systems. They efficiently circulate refrigerant, allowing efficient refrigeration and heating throughout wide areas.
82. Rotary Compressor: Rotary Compressors represent a vital component in refrigeration systems, employing a rotating device to compress refrigerant. Their effectiveness and small size make them ideal for climate control setups in various applications.
83. Compressor Motor: This Compressor Motor serves as the driving force behind the refrigeration process, moving refrigerant. It is crucial for correct climate control system setup and operation in buildings.
84. Compressor Oil: Compressor lubricant oils and protects mechanical parts inside a system's compressor, guaranteeing effective refrigerant compression for proper climate regulation. It is important to select the right type of oil throughout system installation to guarantee durability and optimal function of the refrigeration unit.
85. Pressure Switch: A Pressure Switch checks refrigerant amounts, ensuring the system operates safely. It prevents harm by turning off the cooling apparatus if pressure drops beyond the acceptable spectrum.
86. Compressor Relay: A Compressor Relay is an electrical device that controls the compressor motor in cooling systems. It ensures the compressor begins and ceases properly, enabling effective temperature control within climate control setups.
87. Suction Line: A Suction Line, a critical component in cooling systems, moves refrigerant vapor from the evaporator to the compressor. Correct sizing and insulation of this line are key for effective system operation during climate control installation.
88. Discharge Line: The Discharge Line moves hot, high-pressure refrigerant gas from the compressor to the condenser. Proper dimensioning and setup of the discharge line are crucial for ideal cooling system configuration.
89. Compressor Capacity: Compressor Capacity dictates the cooling power of a system for indoor temperature control. Choosing the right size ensures efficient temperature control during climate control installation.
90. Cooling Load: Cooling Load is the volume of heat that must to be removed from a space to maintain a preferred temperature. Correct cooling load calculation is crucial for appropriate HVAC system setup and size.
91. Air Conditioning Repair: Air Conditioning Repair ensures systems function optimally after they are installed. It's crucial for maintaining effective climate control systems put in place.
92. Refrigerant Leak: Refrigerant Leakage decrease cooling efficiency and can result in equipment malfunction. Fixing these leaks is essential for proper climate control system installation, ensuring maximum operation and lifespan.
93. Seer Rating: SEER score shows an HVAC system's cooling performance, impacting long-term energy expenses. Elevated SEER numbers mean increased energy conservation when establishing climate control.
94. Hspf Rating: HSPF rating indicates the heating efficiency of heat pumps. Higher ratings suggest better energy effectiveness during climate control setup.
95. Preventative Maintenance: Preventative Maintenance guarantees HVAC systems function efficiently and reliably after setup. Routine servicing lessens failures and extends the lifespan of HVAC setups.
96. Airflow: Airflow guarantees efficient cooling and heating spread across a building. Proper Airflow is essential for prime performance and comfort in climate control systems.
97. Electrical Components: Electrical Components are essential for energizing and managing systems that govern indoor temperature. They ensure suitable performance, safety, and effectiveness in temperature regulation arrangements.
98. Refrigerant Charging: Refrigerant Charging is the method of introducing the correct quantity of refrigerant to a cooling system. This guarantees optimal operation and efficiency when installing climate control units.
99. System Diagnosis: System Diagnosis pinpoints possible problems prior to, during, and after HVAC system setup. It assures best function and averts upcoming troubles in climate control installations.
100. Hvac System: Hvac System regulate temperature, humidity, and air quality in structures. They are vital for creating climate-control solutions in residential and business areas.
101. Ductless Air Conditioning: Ductless Air Conditioning provide focused temperature control lacking broad ductwork. They make easier climate control installation in rooms lacking pre-existing duct systems.
102. Window Air Conditioner: Window air conditioners are self-contained units installed in windows to cool individual spaces. They provide a straightforward way for localized temperature regulation inside a building.
103. Portable Air Conditioner: Portable AC units offer a versatile temperature-control answer for spaces without central systems. They can also offer temporary temperature regulation during HVAC system setups.
104. System Inspection: System check ensures correct installation of cooling systems by checking part integrity and compliance to installation standards. This process assures effective operation and prevents future malfunctions in climate control systems.
105. Coil Cleaning: Cleaning coils ensures efficient heat transfer, vital for optimal system performance. This maintenance procedure is essential for proper setup of climate control systems.
106. Refrigerant Recharge: Refrigerant Recharge is essential for restoring chilling capacity in air conditioning units. It guarantees maximum operation and longevity of newly set up environmental regulation units.
107. Capacitor: Capacitors provide the necessary energy boost to start and run motors within climate control systems. Their correct function guarantees effective and reliable operation of the cooling unit.
108. Contactor: A Contactor serves as an electrical switch that controls power to the outdoor unit's components. It enables the cooling system to turn on when needed.
109. Blower Motor: This Blower Motor moves air through the ductwork, allowing for efficient heating and cooling delivery within a building. It's a vital component for indoor climate control systems, assuring consistent temperature and airflow.
110. Overheating: Overheating can severely hamper the functionality of recently installed climate control systems. Technicians must resolve this issue to guarantee efficient and dependable cooling operation.
111. Troubleshooting: Fixing identifies and fixes problems that occur during climate control system setup. Effective fixing guarantees optimal system performance and stops future issues during building cooling appliance installation.
112. Refrigerant Reclaiming: Refrigerant Reclaiming retrieves and recycles spent refrigerants. This procedure is essential for environmentally responsible climate control system installation.
113. Global Warming: Global Warming increases the demand or for cooling systems, requiring demanding more frequent setups installations. This heightened increased need drives fuels innovation in energy-efficient power-saving climate control solutions options.
114. Montreal Protocol: This Montreal Protocol phases out ozone-depleting substances used in cooling systems. This change requires utilizing alternative refrigerants in new environmental control setups.
115. Greenhouse Gas: Greenhouse gases trap heat, impacting the power efficiency and environmental footprint of weather control system configurations. Choosing refrigerants with reduced global warming potential is vital for eco-friendly weather control execution.
116. Cfc: Chlorofluorocarbons were once vital refrigerants in refrigeration systems for buildings and vehicles. Their use has been discontinued due to their detrimental impact on the ozone layer.
117. Hcfc: Hcfc were previously typical refrigerants utilized in refrigeration systems for buildings and vehicles. They eased the process of establishing climate control systems, but are now being discontinued due to their ozone-depleting properties.
118. Hfc: HFCs are generally used refrigerants in cooling systems for buildings. Their proper handling is essential during the installation of these systems to lessen environmental impact.
119. Refrigerant Oil: Refrigerant oil lubricates the compressor in cooling systems, ensuring smooth operation and a long lifespan. It's crucial for the proper function of cooling setups.
120. Phase-Out: Phase-out is related to the gradual elimination of specific refrigerants with high global warming capacity. This affects the choice and maintenance of climate control systems in buildings.
121. Gwp: GWP indicates a refrigerant's potential to warm the planet if discharged. Lower GWP refrigerants are progressively preferred in eco-friendly HVAC system setups.
122. Odp: ODP refrigerants damage the ozone layer, affecting regulations for refrigeration system installation. Installers must utilize ozone-friendly alternatives during HVAC equipment placement.
123. Ashrae: Ashrae establishes criteria and recommendations for HVAC systems installation. The standards ensure efficient and secure environmental control systems application in buildings.
124. Hvac Systems: Hvac Systems provide temperature and air quality regulation for indoor settings. They are critical for setting up cooling systems in buildings.
125. Refrigerant Leaks: Refrigerant Leaks lower cooling system effectiveness and may damage the environment. Suitable procedures during climate control unit setup are essential to prevent these leaks and guarantee optimal performance.
126. Hvac Repair Costs: Hvac Repair Costs can greatly influence choices about upgrading to a new temperature system. Unforeseen repair bills may encourage homeowners to invest in a complete home cooling system for future savings.
127. Hvac Installation: Hvac Installation involves setting up warming, ventilation, and cooling units. This is essential for enabling effective climate control inside structures.
128. Hvac Maintenance: Hvac Maintenance ensures efficient operation and extends system life. Appropriate upkeep is essential for seamless climate control system installations.
129. Hvac Troubleshooting: Hvac Troubleshooting pinpoints and resolves issues in heating, ventilation, and cooling systems. It guarantees optimal operation during climate control unit installation and running.
130. Zoning Systems: Zoning Systems separate a building into distinct areas for customized temperature regulation. This strategy improves well-being and energy efficiency during HVAC setup.
131. Compressor Types: Different Compressor Types are vital parts for effective climate control systems. Their selection significantly impacts system efficiency and performance in environmental comfort applications.
132. Compressor Efficiency: Compressor Efficiency is vital, dictating how effectively the system cools a room for a given energy input. Improving this efficiency directly impacts cooling system setup costs and long-term operational expenses.
133. Compressor Overheating: Compressor Overheating can severely damage the unit's core, resulting in system malfunction. Proper installation guarantees adequate air flow and refrigerant amounts, preventing this problem in climate control system placements.
134. Compressor Failure: Compressor Failure halts the refrigeration process, needing expert attention during climate control system configurations. A faulty compressor compromises the entire system's efficiency and lifespan when incorporating it into a building.
135. Overload Protector: An protects the compressor motor from overheating during climate control system setup. It prevents damage by automatically disconnecting power when excessive current or temperature is detected.
136. Fan Motor: Fan Motor circulate air through evaporator and condenser coils, a vital process for effective climate control system setup. They facilitate heat exchange, ensuring optimal cooling and heating performance within the designated space.
137. Refrigerant Lines: Refrigerant Lines are crucial parts that join the indoor and outdoor units, circulating refrigerant to facilitate cooling. Their proper installation is essential for streamlined and productive climate control system setup.
138. Condensing Unit: A Condensing Unit is the outdoor component in a cooling system. It rejects heat from the refrigerant, allowing indoor temperature regulation.
139. Heat Rejection: Heat Rejection is critical for cooling systems to effectively remove excess heat from a cooled area. Correct Heat Rejection ensures optimal performance and lifespan of climate control setups.
140. System Efficiency: System Efficiency is crucial for minimizing energy use and operational expenses. Optimizing efficiency during climate control setup ensures long-term economy and environmental benefits.
141. Pressure Drop: Pressure Drop is the reduction in fluid pressure as it moves through a setup, impacting airflow in environmental control setups. Properly controlling Pressure Drop is vital for peak performance and effectiveness in environmental comfort systems.
142. Subcooling: Subcooling ensures peak equipment operation by chilling the refrigerant under its condensing temperature. This process stops flash gas, boosting cooling capacity and efficiency throughout HVAC system installation.
143. Superheat: Superheat ensures that just steam refrigerant goes into the compressor, which prevents damage. It's important to measure superheat during HVAC system setup to optimize cooling capabilities and efficiency.
144. Refrigerant Charge: Refrigerant Charge is the quantity of refrigerant in a unit, vital for optimal cooling operation. Proper charging guarantees effective heat transfer and avoids damage during climate control setup.
145. Corrosion: Rust worsens metallic components, possibly causing leaks and system failures. Protecting against Corrosion is essential for maintaining the effectiveness and longevity of climate control systems.
146. Fins: Fins increase the area of coils, increasing heat transfer effectiveness. This is vital for optimal performance in climate control system setups.
147. Copper Tubing: Copper Tubing is essential for refrigerant movement in HVAC systems because of its durability and efficient heat transfer. Its reliable connections guarantee correct system performance during establishment of temperature regulation units.
148. Aluminum Tubing: Aluminum Tubing is vital for conveying refrigerant in HVAC systems. Their lightweight and rustproof properties make it perfect for linking internal and external units in HVAC setups.
149. Repair Costs: Sudden repairs can greatly impact the overall expense of setting up a new climate control system. Budgeting for potential Repair Costs ensures a more accurate and comprehensive cost assessment when implementing such a system.

Bold City Heating & Air

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8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States

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boldcityac.com

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6C9C+2H Baymeadows Center, Jacksonville, FL, USA

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That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

Updates from customers

Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

a year ago

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Why would an AC heater not be turning on?

An AC heater may not turn on due to power issues like tripped circuit breakers, blown fuses, or loose wiring, thermostat problems such as dead batteries, incorrect settings, or a faulty unit, or safety features engaging due to clogged filte …

6 months ago

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1,687 reviews

"Best price and service I have ever had with an HVAC partner"

"Excellent workmanship, knowledgeable, friendly staff from owner to employees."

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Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

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DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

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Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

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Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

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Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

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Bold City Heating & Air

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Bold City offers premium HVAC service and competitive pricing to the Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beaches and Ponte Vedra areas.

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Jacksonville’s Best HVAC Company

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At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
“Experience the Bold Difference” that is Bold City Heating & Air by calling us today!

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When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

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Prioritizing satisfaction, Bold City Heating & Air exemplifies customer service.

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Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

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Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

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When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

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Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.

"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),^[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.^[2][3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).^[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.^[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.^[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.^[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.^[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.^[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.^[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.^[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.^[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.^[13][12]

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.^[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.^[15][16][17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.^[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."^[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."^[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.^[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.^[20][21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,^[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.^[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.^[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.^[24]

First devices

[edit]

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.^{[25][26][27][28]} In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.^[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.^[30][31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.^[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.^[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited^[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)^[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.^[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,^[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.^[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.^[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.^[38][39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.^[40][41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.^[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.^[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.^[8][43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.^[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.^[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.^[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).^[46][47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]

Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.^[48][49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.^[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.^[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled^[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.^{[citation needed]}

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.^[53]

Heating

[edit]

Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.^[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).^[55][54][56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

Main articles: coefficient of performance, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.^[57][58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.^[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU_IT per hour, or 3,517 watts.^[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.^{[citation needed]}

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.^[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.^[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]

Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster

A wireless remote controller

The infrared transmitting LED on the remote

The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]

Main article: Thermostat

Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]

Types	Typical Capacity*	Air supply	Mounting	Typical application
Mini-split	small – large	Direct	Wall	Residential
Window	very small – small	Direct	Window	Residential
Portable	very small – small	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual)	small – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ducted (central)	medium – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended	medium – large	Direct	Ceiling	Commercial
Cassette	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Ceiling	Commercial
Floor standing	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged	very large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit)	very large	Ducted	Rooftop	Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

• very small: <1.5 kW
• small: 1.5–3.5 kW
• medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
• large: 7.2–14 kW
• very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.^[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.^[64][65][66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.^[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.^[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.^[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.^{[citation needed]} The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.^[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]

See also: Chiller

Large central cooling plants may use intermediate coolant such as chilled water pumped into air handlers or fan coil units near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and heat capacity of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by chillers in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of cooling towers. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled.^[71][72]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.^[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]

Main article: Packaged terminal air conditioner

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.^[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)^[75][76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),^[77][78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.^{[70][79][80][81][82][83]}

Types of compressors

[edit]

Compressor types	Common applications	Typical capacity	Efficiency	Durability	Repairability
Reciprocating	Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners	small – large	very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity)	very low	medium
Rotary vane	Residential mini splits	small	low	low	easy
Scroll	Commercial and central systems, VRF	medium	medium	medium	easy
Rotary screw	Commercial chiller	medium – large	medium	medium	hard
Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	medium	high	hard
Maglev Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	high	very high	very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating compressor

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. ^{[citation needed]}

Scroll

[edit]

Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.^[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. ^{[citation needed]}

Screw

[edit]

Main article: Rotary-screw compressor

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. ^{[citation needed]}

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. ^{[citation needed]}

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.^[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.^{[citation needed]}

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]

Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.^{[citation needed]}

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.^[8][86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.^[87][88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.^[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.^[90][91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.^[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.^[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.^[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.^[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.^[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).^[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.^[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.^[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,^[8][98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.^[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.^[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.^[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.^[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,^[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.^[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.^[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).^[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.^{[citation needed]}

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,^[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.^[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.^[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,^[105] Hong Kong,^[106] China,^[106] Japan,^[107] and Italy.^[108][109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.^[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.^[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.^[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.^[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.^[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.^[8][111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.^[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.^[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.^[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.^[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.^[115][116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).^[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.^[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.^[119][120]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).^[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.^[121][123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.^[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.^[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.^[125][126]

Fans

[edit]

Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.^{[127]: 99, 151, 233} In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.^{[127]: 134, 151}

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.^[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.^[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.^[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,^[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.^[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]

Main article: Evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.^[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.^[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.^[131]

See also

[edit]

• Air filter
• Air purifier
• Cleanroom
• Crankcase heater
• Energy recovery ventilation
• Indoor air quality
• Particulates

References

[edit]

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